Michelle Williams & Jason Segel and Rachel McAdams & Michael Sheen have called it quits! See more celeb pairs who are back to going solo
Thursday, February 28, 2013
Tuesday, February 26, 2013
Must See HDTV (February 25th - March 3rd)
Among the usual returning shows we have a few all new entries, including two new Comedy Central series as well as ABC's Red Widow conspiracy drama. For something we truly have not seen on TV before, Syfy is tossing in Robot Combat League, while ESPN does its part with a couple of 3D broadcasts planned.Look below for the highlights this week, followed after the break by our weekly listing of what to look out for in TV, Blu-ray and videogames.
Robot Combat League
If you were an avid Rock 'Em Sock 'Em Robots player or a huge fan of the movie Real Steel, Syfy's latest reality / game show is probably made for you. Robot Combat League is hosted by wrestler Chris Jericho and features competitors strapped into suits that translate their movements to eight-foot-tall robot avatars that actually do the fighting. Not sold? Take a peek now with not only a trailer embedded after the break, but also the first two episodes in their entirety (also viewable on the site in a larger window here). It's different to say the least and there's $100,000 on the line to make things interesting.
(February 26th, Syfy, 10PM)
Psych
One of our favorite shows returns for its seventh season as Shawn and Gus continue to operate their fake psychic detective agency. As always, we expect a number of nostalgic 80s and 90s throwbacks, complete with guest stars from the era. The show has manage to operate in a basic cable niche in a way network shows like Community don't get the chance to, although if you're not into its particular comedic flavor, it's unlikely to change gears at this point. Check out a trailer after the break.
(February 27th, USA, 10PM)
MLS
A new season of MLS kicks off this weekend and for US soccer fans all 20 matches will be aired ESPN channels, with 18 of them on Sundays for a more consistent -- and potentially subbing in for that other football -- schedule. Notable this season is that this is the first time the soccer league will be in 3D, with plans for seven live broadcasts plus an eighth that will be tape delayed. There are also plans for international matches, the All-Star game and the playoffs, dates and times TBD. the Portland Timbers vs. New York Red Bulls game this weekend will be the first in 3D, check the schedule for the rest.
(March 3rd, ESPN 2 / ESPN 3D, 7:30PM)
Filed under: Home Entertainment, HD
Source: http://www.engadget.com/2013/02/25/must-see-hdtv-february-25th-march-3rd/
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Monday, February 25, 2013
How dinosaurs grew the world's longest necks
rancisco Gasc? under the direction of Mike Taylor and Matt Wedel
Plant-eating dinosaurs called sauropods had the longest necks in the animal kingdom. Here an adult Brontomerus mother.
By Charles Choi, LiveScience
How did the largest of all dinosaurs evolve necks longer than any other creature that has ever lived? One secret: mostly hollow neck bones, researchers say.
The largest creatures to ever walk the Earth were the long-necked, long-tailed dinosaurs known as the sauropods. These vegetarians had by far the longest necks of any known animal. The dinosaurs' necks reached up to 50 feet (15 meters) in length, six times longer than that of the current world-record holder, the giraffe, and at least five times longer than those of any other animal that has lived on land.
"They were really stupidly, absurdly oversized," said researcher Michael Taylor, a vertebrate paleontologist at the University of Bristol in England. "In our feeble, modern world, we're used to thinking of elephants as big, but sauropods reached 10 times the size elephants do. They were the size of walking whales."
Amazing necks
To find out how sauropod necks could get so long, scientists analyzed other long-necked creatures and compared sauropod anatomy with that of the dinosaurs' nearest living relatives, the birds and crocodilians.
"Extinct animals ? and living animals, too, for that matter ? are much more amazing than we realize," Taylor told LiveScience. "Time and again, people have proposed limits to possible animal sizes, like the five-meter (16-foot) wingspan that was supposed to be the limit for flying animals. And time and again, they've been blown away. We now know of flying pterosaurs with 10-meter (33-foot) wingspans. And these extremes are achieved by a startling array of anatomical innovations." [ Image Gallery: 25 Amazing Ancient Beasts ]
Among living animals, adult bull giraffes have the longest necks, capable of reaching about 8 feet (2.4 m) long. No other living creature exceeds half this length. For instance, ostriches typically have necks only about 3 feet (1 m) long.
When it comes to extinct animals, the largest land-living mammal of all time was the rhino-like creature Paraceratherium, which had a neck maybe 8.2 feet (2.5 m) long. The flying reptiles known as pterosaurs could also have surprisingly long necks, such as Arambourgiania, whose neck may have exceeded 10 feet (3 m).
The necks of the Loch Ness Monster-like marine reptiles known as plesiosaurs could reach an impressive 23 feet (7 m), probably because the water they lived in could support their weight. But these necks were still less than half the lengths of the longest-necked sauropods.
Sauropod secrets
In their study, Taylor and his colleagues found that the neck bones of sauropods possessed a number of traits that supported such long necks. For instance, air often made up 60 percent of these animals' necks, with some as light as birds' bones, making it easier to support long chains of the bones. The muscles, tendons and ligaments were also positioned around these vertebrae in a way that helped maximize leverage, making neck movements more efficient.
In addition, the dinosaurs' giant torsos and four-legged stances helped provide a stable platform for their necks. In contrast, giraffes have relatively small torsos, while ostriches have two-legged stances. [ Image Gallery: Animals' Amazing Headgear ]
Sauropods also had plenty of neck vertebrae, up to 19. In contrast, nearly all mammals have no more than seven, from mice to whales to giraffes, limiting how long their necks can get. (The only exceptions among mammals are sloths and aquatic mammals known as sirenians, such as manatees.)
Moreover, while pterosaur Arambourgiania had a relatively giant head with long, spear-like jaws that it likely used to help capture prey, sauropods had small, light heads that were easy to support. These dinosaurs did not chew their meals, lacking even cheeks to store food in their mouths; they merely swallowed it, letting their guts break it down.
"Sauropod heads are essentially all mouth. The jaw joint is at the very back of the skull, and they didn't have cheeks, so they came pretty close to having Pac Man-Cookie Monster flip-top heads," researcher Mathew Wedel at the Western University of Health Sciences in Pomona, Calif., told LiveScience.
"It's natural to wonder if the lack of chewing didn't, well, come back to bite them, in terms of digestive efficiency. But some recent work on digestion in large animals has shown that after about 3 days, animals have gotten all the nutrition they can from their food, regardless of particle size.
"And sauropods were so big that the food would have spent that long going through them anyway," Wedel said. "They could stop chewing entirely, with no loss of digestive efficiency."
What's a long neck good for?
Furthermore, sauropods and other dinosaurs probably could breathe like birds, drawing fresh air through their lungs continuously, instead of having to breathe out before breathing in to fill their lungs with fresh air like mammals do. This may have helped sauropods get vital oxygen down their long necks to their lungs.
"The problem of breathing through a long tube is something that's very hard for mammals to do. Just try it with a length of garden hose," Taylor said.
As to why sauropods evolved such long necks, there are currently three theories. Some of the dinosaurs may have used their long necks to feed on high leaves, like giraffes do. Others may have used their necks to graze on large swaths of vegetation by sweeping the ground side to side like geese do. This helped them make the most out of every step, which would be a big deal for such heavy creatures.
Scientists have also suggested that long necks may have been sexually attractive, therefore driving the evolution of ever-longer necks; however, Taylor and his colleagues have found no evidence this was the case.
In the future, the researchers plan to delve even deeper into the mysteries of sauropod necks. For instance, Apatosaurus , formerly known as Brontosaurus, had "really sensationally strange neck vertebrae," Taylor said. The scientists suspect the necks of Apatosaurus were used for "combat between males ? fighting over women, of course."
Taylor and Wedel detailed their findings online Feb. 12 in the journal PeerJ.
Follow LiveScience on Twitter @livescience. We're also on Facebook ?& Google+.?
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Sunday, February 24, 2013
More states consider ban on credit card surcharges
Charge a fee to use your credit card? It?s legal for merchants to do that, unless barred by state law. Ten states already ban such surcharges ? California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Oklahoma and Texas ? and more may join the list.
The legislatures in 13 other states are currently considering bills that would prevent these so-called ?check out? fees. Lawmakers in Hawaii, Illinois, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Utah, Vermont, Washington and Tennessee are responding to a rule change that took place late last month. A similar bill will soon be introduced in West Virginia.
Visa and MasterCard agreed to let merchants add a surcharge to credit card transactions as part of the settlement agreement in an antitrust lawsuit brought by retailers. Until Jan. 27, both Visa and MasterCard had prohibited merchants from charging the customer for the cost of processing that credit card transaction.
The settlement does not affect Visa or MasterCard debit cards. American Express still prohibits a surcharge on any of its cards.
New Jersey Assemblyman Vincent Prieto (D-Secaucus) said he introduced a bill to ban surcharging because it would hit consumers in the pocketbook.
?The amount of the surcharge may seem miniscule on paper, but in the family budget 1.5 to 3 percent could add up to a shorter grocery list or less to spend on gas,? he said in a statement.
In Utah, Sen. Curtis Bramble (R-Provo) is sponsoring a bill that would prohibit surcharges on any type of ?financial transaction card? which would include debit cards.
Major retailers are not expected to tack on a credit card surcharge, at least not any time in the immediate future. Wal-Mart, Target, Sears and Home Depot told NBC News they have no plans to add a credit card surcharge. But just the possibility has spurred some lawmakers into action.
?It?s a waste of the legislative process,? said Mallory Duncan, senior vice president of the National Retail Federation. ?They could take steps to bring greater competition into the marketplace by prohibiting the price fixing of the hidden swipe fees merchants pay to process credit card transactions.?
Trish Wexler, spokesperson for the Electronic Payments Coalition, whose members include Visa and MasterCard Worldwide, told NBC News it has not taken a position on the issue.
?No one knows how checkout fees will work their way through the system,? Wexler said in an email statement, ?but the settlement provides sufficient consumer protections while the process plays out.?
What about disclosures?
The advocacy group Consumer Action has published a booklet on credit card checkout fees. It warns shoppers to be on the lookout for these fees and advises them to express their dissatisfaction.
?Customers shouldn?t stand for it,? said Ruth Susswein Consumer Action?s deputy director of national priorities. ?Our advice is to tell them you don?t like the fee and this makes you want to take your business elsewhere.?
The new rules from Visa and MasterCard require retailers who apply a credit card surcharge to post a notice at the store?s entrance. The exact percentage of the surcharge does not need to be disclosed until the point of sale. The customer receipt must list the amount of the surcharge.
Online stores with a surcharge will not be required to have a notice on the home page. They only need to alert shoppers about this when they reach the page where credit cards are first mentioned. In most cases, that means the final step of checkout when the purchase is being completed.
Not the end of this story
The settlement that allows merchants to impose a credit card surcharge is only preliminary. The court has yet to issue its final ruling in this case. That?s expected later this year.
Once that happens, various retailers and business groups plan to challenge the settlement. That could drag into late 2014.
The possibility that the settlement could be modified will probably keep most businesses of any size from instituting credit card fees for the time being.
Herb Weisbaum is The ConsumerMan. Follow him on Facebook and Twitteror visit The ConsumerMan website.
Source: http://www.nbcnews.com/business/more-states-consider-ban-credit-card-surcharges-1C8455523
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Saturday, February 23, 2013
Vimessa Deadpooled, Founders Launch User Retention Service, Userfox, With $700K From Y Combinator, 500 Startups & More
Y Combinator-backed Vimessa launched in late 2011 with a free video voicemail app for the iPhone that allowed users to send high-def video messages to any cell number or email address. The idea was to make video messaging work on any mobile device or desktop. But, despite the early buzz around the product, rules are rules: 90 percent of startups fail.Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/wO5Vs4-MPUo/
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LaHood: Cuts mean flight delays, control tower closures (CNN)
Friday, February 22, 2013
City layout key to predicting riots
Friday, February 22, 2013
In the future police will be able to predict the spread of riots, and how they impact on cities, thanks to a new computer model.
Developed by researchers at UCL, the model highlights the importance of considering the layout of cities in order for police to suppress disorder as quickly as possible once a riot is in progress.
"As riots are rare events it is difficult to anticipate if and how they will evolve. Consequently, one of the main strategic issues that arose for the police during the 2011 London riots concerned when and where to deploy resources and how many officers would be required to control the disorder," said co-author Toby Davies (UCL Security & Crime Science).
"The model we've created highlights the most susceptible areas of the city and has the potential to anticipate the escalation of rioting. Theoretically this could be employed by the police in future to assist in deploying their resources more effectively."
Using data supplied by the Metropolitan Police, with retail centres as the sites of disorder, the team were able to simulate and analyse the patterns arising from these events. This focused around looking at the apparently-contagious nature of participation, the distances travelled to riot locations, and the deterrent effect of policing. The study is published in Scientific Reports.
"Over half of the crimes in the UK were against commercial properties, and in London, these were clustered in areas such as Clapham Junction, Croydon, Ealing and Brixton. Therefore in many ways our simulation takes the form of a traditional retail model - people tend to prefer shopping locally, but are prepared to travel further for a larger or more attractive retail centre, and the same appears to be true of rioters," said Dr Hannah Fry (UCL Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis).
During August 2011, the UK experienced its most widespread and sustained period of civil unrest for at least 20 years. Repeated episodes of looting, rioting, arson and violence took place in several cities, including London, Manchester and Birmingham. The consequences of the events include numerous instances of injury, including five deaths, and extensive property damage, for which liability has been estimated as ?250 million.
"A lot of previous research in this area has focussed on the psychological and social motives of individual rioters, but our work is distinct from this, as instead of considering how and why the riots began, we take their initiation as our starting point and instead consider their development in terms of the city's layout over time," said Mr Davies.
As part of the investigation, the team also investigated the consequences of varying police numbers and reaction time, which has the potential to guide policy in this area.
"The ultimate aim of the work is to produce a tool which can be used to test strategies and to prepare in an informed way," said Mr Davies. "The hope would be that it would inform contingencies prior to a riot and to provide insight into how a given riot incident might be likely to spread. Insights like these are particularly valuable when dealing with rare and uncertain events."
###
University College London: http://www.ucl.ac.uk
Thanks to University College London for this article.
This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.
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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/126964/City_layout_key_to_predicting_riots
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How Many People Have Been Killed by Guns Since Newtown?
The answer to the simple question in that headline is surprisingly hard to come by. So Slate and the Twitter feed @GunDeaths are collecting data for our crowdsourced interactive. This data is necessarily incomplete. But the more people who are paying attention, the better the data will be. You can help us draw a more complete picture of gun violence in America. If you know about a gun death in your community that isn?t represented here, please tweet @GunDeaths with a citation. (If you?re not on Twitter, you can email slatedata@gmail.com.) And if you?d like to use this data yourself for your own projects, it?s open. You can download it here.
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Matched Deaths: or more since Newtown
Show Methodology
Each victim under 13 years of age is designated "child"; from 13 to 17: "teen"; 18 and older: "adult."
The same icons used to represent male victims is also used to represent victims of unknown gender. The same icons used to represent adult victims is also used to represent victims of unknown age group.
The yellow and blue backgrounds represent alternating days.
The information is collected by @gunDeaths from news reports about the deaths. The Slate interactives team and @gunDeaths continually manages and revises the data.
The data are not comprehensive because not all gun-related deaths are reported by the news media. For example, suicides often go unreported.
Source: http://feeds.slate.com/click.phdo?i=69ac6522a826ffe41ff70e9f2b4324be
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Thursday, February 21, 2013
Endangered sharks return 'home'
21 February 2013
Last updated at 01:45
Oceanic whitetip sharks return home to protected Bahamas waters, surprising scientists.
Previously thought to be wide-ranging animals, a tagging survey has revealed that the sharks frequently revisit the same areas around the island.
Conservationists have listed the sharks as Vulnerable globally and Critically Endangered in parts of their range.
Experts suggest that the island nation's marine protected area is assisting the species.
The findings are published in the online journal PLoS One.
Oceanic whitetips are named for the distinctive white flashes at the end of their fins.
They are opportunistic predators with powerful jaws and as such are considered one of the more dangerous sharks to humans, although the number of unprovoked attacks on people is small.
"Of all the sharks that live in the open ocean they're the ones that have really declined a lot in the last few decades," said Dr Demian Chapman of Stony Brook University, New York, US, who led the study.
"They've gone from being one of the most abundant large vertebrates on the planet to being considered quite endangered."
The International Union for the Conservation of Nature has listed the sharks as Vulnerable due to over-fishing for their meat and leather, and accidental by-catch.
"Oceanic whitetips frequently take bait meant for other species like tuna and swordfish," said Dr Chapman, explaining that their fins are prized for shark fin soup.
"Fisherman will take all of these sharks that were incidentally hooked and they will take their fins, and that is fatal to the shark."
In July 2011, the Bahamian government banned shark fishing in all 240,000 square miles of the country's waters.
According to the Pew Charitable Trusts which works to establish shark sanctuaries, including the one in the Bahamas, the animals provided $78 million to the country's economy in tourism over 20 years.
"Tourism is a big part of the Bahamian economy, within that diving and shark diving in particular is very valuable," said Liz Karan, manager of Global Shark Conservation at Pew.
"I think there's interest in that particular area just because it's one of the few places left in the world that have relatively healthy shark populations."
"So without too much effort you can go and have an experience that's really unique."
In May of the same year, advocates assembled to support the sanctuary announcement.
Dr Chapman joined forces with these dive tour operators, recreational fishermen, scientists, engineers and conservationists in a project aiming to understand more about oceanic whitetip sharks.
"We thought it was amazing that nobody was doing research on them in the Bahamas because this is the only place in the Atlantic where you can reliably find them," said Dr Chapman.
Continue reading the main storyPreviously, only one oceanic whitetip had ever been successfully tagged, but the experienced team were able to follow 11 of the animals.
"They're very bold, they come right to the side of the boat... but these sharks are really smart when it comes to baited hooks," said Dr Chapman.
He described the mature adult sharks as "cagey veterans" who had likely survived encounters with hooks in the past and so were wary about the researchers.
The sharks they were able to catch were fitted with satellite tags near to their dorsal fins which provided up to eight months of data covering temperature, light, depth and location.
The team found that although the sharks travelled far and wide as expected, they also spent a considerable amount of time in Bahamian waters.
"I was not surprised that they went long distances but I was surprised that they turned right back around and returned to the Bahamas," Dr Chapman told BBC Nature.
"We really think of these oceanic whitetips as ocean wanderers, we didn't think we'd see such a strong pattern of return migration."
According to Dr Chapman, the results suggest that a ban on long-line fishing in the 1990s, reinforced by the more recent sanctuary status of the waters, combines to make the Bahamas a safe haven for the sharks.
"I think one of the key questions about sanctuaries is 'do they work?' and this is a clear example that shows sharks benefitting from a sanctuary designation," said Ms Karan.
"As the migration patterns show, they do leave the sanctuary area for part of the year and during that time they are vulnerable to fishing pressures and the dangers of being caught," she warned.
The team are travelling to Bangkok, Thailand next month to present information on the species to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) conference where countries will vote on the regulation of the trade in shark fins.
They are also working on a further tagging project, following the movements of males and pregnant females to get more information on the sharks' breeding habits and a full picture of how the population is faring.
Join BBC Nature on Facebook and Twitter @BBCNature.
Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/21497049
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PlayStation 4's UI and inner workings detailed: No more booting, games download as you play them
We've heard some hardware numbers, but now we're hearing more how the PlayStation 4 will actually work in practice. Alongside connections to other Sony hardware, the highlight that caught our attention was that you'll be able to leap back into your game by pressing the power button. From off. Better still, there's also a secondary custom chip for uploads and download and with that, the PS4 will let you play your new titles as you download them. The rest of the game will continue to be piped into that ample hard drive. You can also share (with that new button) 10 seconds of video, trimming and uploading your own gaming highlights to your buddies -- heck, you can even stream it, with allies 'tagging' in and taking over the controller.
In fact Sony will make social networks far more integrated, with "real people", photos and companion mobile apps to augment this. In fact you'll be able to browse video remotely from the likes of your smartphone, tablet or Vita. The system itself will also learn your preferences and download content it reckons you'll like. Personalization is shaping up to be a big focus for Sony.
Check out our liveblog of Sony's event to get the latest news as it happens!
Source: http://feeds.engadget.com/~r/weblogsinc/engadget/~3/lW1Ant1Hngc/
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UFC 158 shuffled after Rory MacDonald injury
When the UFC announced the mostly welterweight line-up for UFC 158, it was near the end of injury-2012. After so many big fights were affected by injury, the UFC wisely prepared in case one of their fighters had to pull out of his bout. It turned out to be a smart move, as Rory MacDonald had to pull out of his bout with Carlos Condit.
Now, Johny Hendricks, who was supposed to fight Jake Ellenberger at UFC 158, is stepping in to face Condit. Ellenberger also has his opponent set. Nate Marquardt saw an opportunity and tweeted:
Just heard @ellenbergermma doesn't have anyone to fight March 23 as of today. Just so happens I'm free that night! ;) Whatcha think?? #fb
? Nate Marquardt (@NathanMarquardt) February 19, 2013
He later corrected the date of the fight to March 16, but didn't change his sentiment. He still wanted the Ellenberger bout, and got his wish. Marquardt will face Ellenberger at UFC 158. The updated main card now includes the UFC welterweight champ, the former UFC interim champ, and the former Strikeforce champion.
Champion Georges St-Pierre vs. Nick Diaz
Carlos Condit vs. Johny Hendricks
Jake Ellenberger vs. Nate Marquardt
Chris Camozzi vs. Nick Ring
Colin Fletcher vs. Mike Ricci
Marquardt lost the Strikeforce welterweight belt in the promotion's final card. He dropped a decision to Tarec Saffiedine. This will be Marquardt's first fight with the UFC since he was cut from the promotion the day before a fight. Marquardt couldn't get clearance from the state commission to fight because of his high testosterone levels.
Want to make early picks on the new fights? Speak up in the comments, on Facebook or on Twitter.
College basketball video from Yahoo! Sports:
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? Ronda Rousey is a promoter's dream come true
? Manti Te'o, quarterbacks can't falter at NFL scouting combine
? Yankees shouldn't brag about recent track record of homegrown arms
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Wednesday, February 20, 2013
Texas Woman Gives Birth To Two Sets Of Twins In A Day, But They Are Not Quadruplets
Thirty-six-year-old Tressa Montalvo gave birth to four babies - two sets of identical twins at the Woman's Hospital of Texas in Houston. Yet the babies are not quadruplets, as they are share two different placentas, which make them two sets of identical twins, a news release from the hospital said.
The babies were born after 31 weeks of pregnancy through Caesarean section.
Tressa Montalvo and her 43-year-old husband Manuel Montalvo, Jr. had planned the pregnancy and did not use any fertility drug. They had hoped for a little brother or sister for their two-and-half-year-old son, Memphis, the release said.
?We were trying for one little brother or sister for our two-and-a-half year old son, Memphis.? Tressa said, adding, ?No fertility drugs were used. We planned the pregnancy?I guess we just succeeded a little too much!?
Montalvo?s physician had told them to expect a set of twins when she was 10-weeks pregnant. Later, on a subsequent visit, the doctor detected a third heart beat after which they were referred to a maternal fetal medicine specialist, Dr Brian Kirshon, who informed them they were going to have two sets of twins.
?We couldn?t have been more surprised when Dr. Kirshon told us we were having four babies and that they were two sets of twins,? Manuel Montalvo said according to the release.
The chance of delivering two sets of naturally occurring identical twins from different placentas is rare - somewhere in the range of 1-in-70 million - according to the hospital. In this case, two boys shared one placenta and other two shared another placenta. In the case of quadruplets, all the four babies will normally share same placenta.
Montalvos named the babies following the A-B-C-D theme. Ace and Blaine, were born at 8:51 a.m. weighing 1.64 kg and 1.79 kg respectively, and Cash and Dylan were born a minute behind, at 8:52 a.m. weighing 1.33 kg and 1.53 kg respectively.
?We tried to stick to the A-B-C-D theme when naming them,? Tressa said. ?We didn?t expect it, we were trying for just one and we were blessed with four.?
According to the hospital release, Montalvos are not done yet as they ?want a girl."
Source: http://www.ibtimes.com/texas-woman-gives-birth-two-sets-twins-day-they-are-not-quadruplets-1092406
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That's the way the droplets adhere
![[ Back to EurekAlert! ]](http://www.eurekalert.org/images/back2e.gif){kind=small}
Public release date: 19-Feb-2013[ | E-mail |
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
CAMBRIDGE, MA -- Understanding exactly how droplets and bubbles stick to surfaces everything from dew on blades of grass to the water droplets that form on condensing coils after steam drives a turbine in a power plant is a "100-year-old problem" that has eluded experimental answers, says MIT's Kripa Varanasi. Furthermore, it's a question with implications for everything from how to improve power-plant efficiency to how to reduce fogging on windshields.
Now this longstanding problem has finally been licked, Varanasi says, in research he conducted with graduate student Adam Paxson that is described this week in the journal Nature Communications. They achieved the feat using a modified version of a scanning electron microscope in which the dynamic behavior of droplets on surfaces at any angle could be observed in action at high resolution.
Previous attempts to study droplet adhesion have been static using drops of a polymer that are allowed to harden and then sliced in cross-section or have been done only at very low resolution. The ability to observe the process in close-up detail and in full motion is an unprecedented feat, says Varanasi, the Doherty Associate Professor of Ocean Utilization.
Normally, scanning electron microscopes observe materials on a fixed horizontal stage and under a strong vacuum, which causes water to evaporate instantly. The MIT team was able to adapt the equipment to operate with a weaker vacuum, and with the ability to change the surface angle and to push and pull droplets across the surface with a tiny wire.
Paxson and Varanasi found that a key factor in determining whether a droplet sticks to the surface is the angle of the droplet's leading and trailing edges relative to the surface. Nobody had been able to observe these angles dynamically at microscale before, while theorists had not predicted their importance.
The MIT researchers also found that on rough surfaces, surface texture is crucial to adhesion. Surprisingly, they found that too much roughness can make droplets stick more contrary to the widely held belief that greater roughness always improves a surface's ability to shed water. It all depends on the details of the texture, they found.
For many applications, it's important that droplets fall away from a condensing surface as quickly as possible; for others, it's best to "pin" them in place as long as possible so they can grow and spread. The new analysis, which led to a mathematical system for precisely predicting droplet behavior, can be used to optimize a surface in either way. (Bubbles, such as those on the bottom of a pan of boiling water, behave in essentially the same way).
"People have only been able to make sketches" of how droplet adhesion works, Paxson says. With the new high-resolution imagery, it is now clear that as a droplet peels away from a rough surface, the round droplet forms a series of tiny "necks" adhering to each of the high points on the surface; these necks (which the researchers call "capillary bridges") then gradually stretch, thin and break. The more high spots on the surface, the more of these tiny necks form. "That's where all the adhesion occurs," Paxson says.
The MIT authors say the phenomenon is "self-similar," like fractal structure: Each neck or capillary bridge can consist of several capillary bridges at finer length scales; it is the cumulative effect that dictates the overall adhesion. This self-similarity is exploited by some biological structures for lowering adhesion.
There had been two leading theories on how to calculate the adhesion of droplets: One held that the areas of contact and energy levels of the molecules were key; the other, that the length of the edge of a drop on a surface was critical. The evidence produced by this research strongly supports the second theory. "I think we have now closed a decades-old debate on this one," Varanasi says.
In general, Paxson says, "complicated shapes tend to be more sticky," because of their greater edge-length.
Droplets and bubbles are ubiquitous in many engineering applications. This work could be applied to engineering industrial surfaces with controlled adhesion in applications ranging from large desalination and power plants to consumer products such as fabrics, packaging and medical devices. While some applications, such as condensers, strive to shed droplets quickly from a surface, others such as ink droplets sprayed onto paper in an inkjet printer require the reverse. The new methodology might help in improving both functions, the researchers say.
Paxson and Varanasi's formulas can also explain variability among natural textured surfaces such as lotus leaves, which shed water efficiently, and rose petals, which do not. Finally, the new research could advance our understanding of certain biological processes such as how water spiders, which make an air bubble to house themselves under the surface of a body of water, control the surface tension to penetrate the bubble.
###
The work was supported by the National Science Foundation and the DuPont-MIT Alliance.
Written by David Chandler, MIT News Office
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Public release date: 19-Feb-2013[ | E-mail |
Share ] Contact: Sarah McDonnell
s_mcd@mit.edu
617-253-8923
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
CAMBRIDGE, MA -- Understanding exactly how droplets and bubbles stick to surfaces everything from dew on blades of grass to the water droplets that form on condensing coils after steam drives a turbine in a power plant is a "100-year-old problem" that has eluded experimental answers, says MIT's Kripa Varanasi. Furthermore, it's a question with implications for everything from how to improve power-plant efficiency to how to reduce fogging on windshields.
Now this longstanding problem has finally been licked, Varanasi says, in research he conducted with graduate student Adam Paxson that is described this week in the journal Nature Communications. They achieved the feat using a modified version of a scanning electron microscope in which the dynamic behavior of droplets on surfaces at any angle could be observed in action at high resolution.
Previous attempts to study droplet adhesion have been static using drops of a polymer that are allowed to harden and then sliced in cross-section or have been done only at very low resolution. The ability to observe the process in close-up detail and in full motion is an unprecedented feat, says Varanasi, the Doherty Associate Professor of Ocean Utilization.
Normally, scanning electron microscopes observe materials on a fixed horizontal stage and under a strong vacuum, which causes water to evaporate instantly. The MIT team was able to adapt the equipment to operate with a weaker vacuum, and with the ability to change the surface angle and to push and pull droplets across the surface with a tiny wire.
Paxson and Varanasi found that a key factor in determining whether a droplet sticks to the surface is the angle of the droplet's leading and trailing edges relative to the surface. Nobody had been able to observe these angles dynamically at microscale before, while theorists had not predicted their importance.
The MIT researchers also found that on rough surfaces, surface texture is crucial to adhesion. Surprisingly, they found that too much roughness can make droplets stick more contrary to the widely held belief that greater roughness always improves a surface's ability to shed water. It all depends on the details of the texture, they found.
For many applications, it's important that droplets fall away from a condensing surface as quickly as possible; for others, it's best to "pin" them in place as long as possible so they can grow and spread. The new analysis, which led to a mathematical system for precisely predicting droplet behavior, can be used to optimize a surface in either way. (Bubbles, such as those on the bottom of a pan of boiling water, behave in essentially the same way).
"People have only been able to make sketches" of how droplet adhesion works, Paxson says. With the new high-resolution imagery, it is now clear that as a droplet peels away from a rough surface, the round droplet forms a series of tiny "necks" adhering to each of the high points on the surface; these necks (which the researchers call "capillary bridges") then gradually stretch, thin and break. The more high spots on the surface, the more of these tiny necks form. "That's where all the adhesion occurs," Paxson says.
The MIT authors say the phenomenon is "self-similar," like fractal structure: Each neck or capillary bridge can consist of several capillary bridges at finer length scales; it is the cumulative effect that dictates the overall adhesion. This self-similarity is exploited by some biological structures for lowering adhesion.
There had been two leading theories on how to calculate the adhesion of droplets: One held that the areas of contact and energy levels of the molecules were key; the other, that the length of the edge of a drop on a surface was critical. The evidence produced by this research strongly supports the second theory. "I think we have now closed a decades-old debate on this one," Varanasi says.
In general, Paxson says, "complicated shapes tend to be more sticky," because of their greater edge-length.
Droplets and bubbles are ubiquitous in many engineering applications. This work could be applied to engineering industrial surfaces with controlled adhesion in applications ranging from large desalination and power plants to consumer products such as fabrics, packaging and medical devices. While some applications, such as condensers, strive to shed droplets quickly from a surface, others such as ink droplets sprayed onto paper in an inkjet printer require the reverse. The new methodology might help in improving both functions, the researchers say.
Paxson and Varanasi's formulas can also explain variability among natural textured surfaces such as lotus leaves, which shed water efficiently, and rose petals, which do not. Finally, the new research could advance our understanding of certain biological processes such as how water spiders, which make an air bubble to house themselves under the surface of a body of water, control the surface tension to penetrate the bubble.
###
The work was supported by the National Science Foundation and the DuPont-MIT Alliance.
Written by David Chandler, MIT News Office
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-02/miot-ttw021913.php
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Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Dodgers affected by Jerry Buss like no other non-NBA team
The Dodgers tipped their cap, much like the whole city, the entire sport, like all American professional sports.
Jerry Buss was an original, a transformative figure. Visionary is a strong word, but not too strong.
Buss not only influenced the Lakers, but all of Los Angeles. He changed the way sports were presented, and it did not matter what sport.
His death Monday of complications of cancer at age 80 brought reaction from across the country, and down the freeway.
Said the Dodgers in a release:
?The Los Angeles Dodgers organization extends its deepest sympathies to the Buss family and the Los Angeles Lakers? organization on the passing of one of the greatest owners in NBA history. Jerry Buss made great contributions to the sporting landscape of Los Angeles and America and was a true champion in every sense of the word. Our thoughts and prayers are with the Buss family.?
More than any non-NBA team, the Dodgers have been affected by the Buss touch.
Team president Stan Kasten was an executive with the NBA when Buss purchased the Lakers in 1979. Buss would admit to some luck along the way to his team?s popularity and 10 NBA titles, the greatest of which was the No. 1 pick he inherited from previous owner Jack Kent Cooke that first year -- Earvin Johnson. That would be Magic Johnson, who is now a part-owner in the Dodgers. The team?s executive vice president of marketing, Lon Rosen, started his career as a Lakers intern.
I covered that 1979-1980 team, and initially wasn?t sure what to make of Buss. People commented then on how with his mustache he resembled the Marlboro man, the cowboy figure then popular in cigarette ads. He had a deserved playboy rep and was always with a young woman.
Yet we would quickly learn simple caricatures would not serve to describe Buss. In those early days, the post-game party was a small affair in the cramped Forum press dining room. Buss -- with his current girlfriend and a small entourage that would usually include his lifelong friend, Bob Steiner -- would sit and drink late into the night with the media. Share ideas, pick their brains, begin to lay out his vision.
It was impossible then to imagine how he would transform the Lakers and the NBA. The Lakers became true entertainment, from the way they played the game, to introducing the league?s first dance team, to the music, to the celebrity and to all that winning.
ALSO:
Dodgers in the spring: A shortage of suspense
Joe Torre: Don Mattingly contract extension would help Dodgers win
Matt Kemp responds to Brandon Belt's remarks on Dodgers' chemistry
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Ecobuild 2013 - ExCeL, London, Tue 05 - Thur 07 March 2013
This year at Ecobuild, Routledge and Earthscan from Routledge are delighted to present a number of our exciting new titles such as the new edition of Sue Roaf?s book Ecohouse; the 9th edition of Building Construction Handbook by Roy Chudley and Roger Greeno; the 2nd edition of Building Regulations in Brief by Ray Tricker and Sam Alford; and Paul Appleby?s new book Sustainable Retrofit and Facilities Management. We will also be offering you the chance to pre-order your copy of the newly revised and updated edition of Planning and Installing Photovoltaic Systems which is out in June.
Why not visit our stand, S1932, to take advantage of the 20% discount on selected titles throughout the conference and for one of five chances to win one of our titles up to the value of ?50!
For now, please feel free to browse this catalog for a sneaky peek at the full list of titles we will be taking to Ecobuild this year...we look forward to seeing you there!
Source: http://www.routledge.com/articles/ecobuild_2013_-_excel_london_tue_05_-_thur_07_march_2013/
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Monday, February 18, 2013
German court rules in favor of Facebook: no more pseudonyms for account holders
For some time now legal experts in Germany and Facebook?s legal team have argued over the legality of forcing someone to use a real name on the mammoth social media site.? Facebook argued that since their headquarters are in Ireland, German citizen?s rights to privacy, and particularly in regards to making people use real names on Facebook, do not apply.?
Previously a lower German court ruled that Facebook could not legally force German citizens to use their real name.? Thilo Weichert, who serves as the Privacy Commissioner and Head of ULD said in part, ?It is unacceptable that a U.S. portal like Facebook violates German data protection law unopposed and with no prospect of an end.?
Soon thereafter an appeal in another German court said that Facebook did have the right to make the rule since it was basically a voluntary matter where no one person is forced to use Facebook. However, another court ruled in favor of the privacy laws yet again, seemingly keeping the legal battle going?ad nauseam.
The final ruling from the administrative court in the northern German Schleswig stated that Germany?s privacy laws could not apply because Facebook headquartered themselves out of Ireland, which does not recognize those same privacy laws in regards to Internet usage.?
Facebook feels that by making users abide by their real name policy, it helps to protect users from bullying, false identities set out to cause mischief and so forth. ?By allowing someone to use a pseudonym, according to Facebook, only means he or she are only pretending to be someone else for no genuine cause.
Very similar to Facebook, Google?s YouTube has also been slowly making their users post with their real names as associated with their Google + accounts.? According to YouTube the reasoning was to help slow down people that habitually insult (aka, trolls or trolling) or write overly negative reply comments simply for the sport of it. The difference with YouTube is that there are not any obligatory contracts to abide by in regards to using one?s real name.
Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/vr-zone/~3/gdPzAy8Y7_Y/18990.html
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ServicesAngle News Briefs for February 18, 2013 | ServicesANGLE
Forester Gives IBM Top Score in Enterprise Mobility Services
Forrester Research Inc. has rated IBM as a Leader in enterprise mobility services in its latest ?The Forrester Wave: Enterprise Mobility Services Q1 2013?. The report gave IBM the highest score overall among the 13 global enterprise mobility leaders in the report. The report says that IBM ?brings clients a world-class design agency (IBM Interactive) combine with breadth and depth of enterprise mobility consulting both in terms of technology capabilities and global presence.? More
?
AWS Makes Amazon Redshift Available to All Customers
AWS has announced that Amazon Redshift, a fast, fully managed, petabyte-scale data warehouse services in the cloud is now available to all customers. With a few clicks on the AWS Management Console, customers can launch an Amazon Redshift cluster starting with a few hundred gigabytes and scaling to a petabyte or more, for less than $1,000 per terabyte per year. More
?
Google Announces 30 Winners of RISE Awards
Google has announced that 30 new organizations from 18 different countries will receive Google RISE (Roots in Science and Engineering) educational awards. Combined, they will reach more than 90,000 children in 2013, ?helping to inspire and teach the scientists of the future?. More
?
Tata Consultancy Services Expands UK Operations in Liverpool
Tata Consultancy Services has announced that it is opening a new delivery center in Liverpool dedicated to delivering government services that require Impact Level 3 (IL3) security constraints. Tata will use the facilities to deliver services to the British Home Office as part of a multi-million, multi-year contract awarded in November to manage the technology needs and support services of the newly formed Disclosure and Barring Service. More
?
Forrester Rates Tata as a Leader in Enterprise Mobility Services
Forrester Research Inc. has rated Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) as a Leader in enterprise mobility services in ?The Forrester Wave: Enterprise Mobility Services, Q1 2013?. The report cited TCS?s end-to-end enterprise mobility solutions that are strong in technology and development, its innovation in enterprise mobility in several verticals, and its strong pool of technical developers and integration experts. More
?
Infosys Wins 2012 Golden Peacock Award for Innovation
The Institute of Directors, India, has awarded its Golden Peacock Award to the Infosys Cloud Ecosystem Hub as the ?Most Innovative Product/Service? of 2012. It won over 1,000 contestants from 25 countries. Applicants were evaluated across an exhaustive set of parameters, including innovation strategy and practices, innovation infrastructure, commercial success, and impact of innovation for customers an third-party endorsements. More
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Infosys to Trade on NYSE Euronext London and Paris Markets
Infosys will be the first Indian company admitted to trading on NYSE Euronext?s London and Paris markets, starting February 20. To market the occasion, S.D. Shibulal, CEO and Managing Director of Infosys, will ring the bell to open the London market at 08:00 GMT. More
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Wipro a Leader in Forrester Enterprise Mobility Services Report
Wipro Technologies has been named a Leader in ?The Forrester Wave: Enterprise Mobility Services, Q1 2013?. Forrester evaluated 13 leading enterprise mobility service providers across 15 criteria relating to current offering, strategy, and market presence, based on interviews with clients. Wipro scored highest for its breadth of mobile technology skills and competencies, R&D, an go-to-market strategy. More
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Cognizant CEO Joins GE BOD
Cognizant CEO Francisco D?Souza has been elected to the Board of Directors of General Electric Company. In making the announcement, GE Chairman and CEO Jeff Immelt said, ?Frank D?Souza bring great perspective as a leader an a pioneer in services and software.? More
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20113 Accenture Match Play Championship Attracts 64 of World?s Best to Tee Up February 20-24
Millions of golf fans in more than 224 countries will follow the 2013 World Golf Championships-Accenture Match Play Championship February 20-24. Unlike any other Tour event, 64 of the world?s best players will spend the five days in intensive match play in a head-to-head, single-elimination competition at The Golf Club at Dove Mountain in Marana, Arizona, just north of Tucson. More
Source: http://servicesangle.com/blog/2013/02/18/servicesangle-news-briefs-for-february-18-2013/
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Belgians hunt boar: No contest, animals win
BRUSSELS (AP) ? Belgians went on a boar hunt and at first it looked like no contest: 200 hunters vs. 170 wild boars. Yet in the end, only one boar was slain.
As hunter Jef Schrijvers said after a frustrating day: "The boars won. The hunters lost."
The northern town of Postel had organized the hunt because an explosive increase in the boar population had damaged farm fields and woods and caused rural traffic problems.
In a coordinated swoop, the hunters sought to drive the boars together so that marksmen in high positions could shoot them, but the plan didn't work.
Schrijvers told the VRT television network that "the hunt was perfect, safe and correct. Only the result was disappointing."
He called it a "successful general rehearsal" ahead of similar hunts.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/belgians-hunt-boar-no-contest-animals-win-171836651.html
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U.S. hopes to finalize IMF vote reforms soon: U.S. official
MOSCOW (Reuters) - The Obama administration is hoping to move ahead shortly with legislation to finalize IMF voting reforms agreed in 2010, which will make China the third-largest voting member in the global financial institution, a senior U.S. official said on Saturday.
The official, speaking at the end of a Group of 20 meeting of finance ministers in Moscow, said the administration was actively discussing legislation with relevant members of Congress.
The 2010 package cannot be finalized until it gets the go-ahead from the United States, which has effective veto power over the historic deal that was meant to have been approved by all IMF member countries in October last year, but was stalled by the U.S. presidential election.
It is part of a broader plan by the IMF to give emerging market powers greater voting clout in the organization.
China, Brazil and other large emerging market economies have long contended that the IMF's voting set-up unfairly benefits Europe and the United States, which dominated the IMF since its founding after World War Two.
(Reporting By Lesley Wroughton, editing by Mike Peacock)
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/u-hopes-finalize-imf-vote-reforms-soon-u-171040639.html
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